By Prof Dr. Rao Suhail Yasin, Consultant Neurologist

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological conditions worldwide, mostly  misunderstood. Affecting over 50 million people globally, it impacts individuals across all ages, genders, and ethnic backgrounds. In Pakistan, thousands live with this condition silently—either undiagnosed or misunderstood. At Advanced International Hospital (AIH), we believe in not only treating epilepsy but also empowering patients and families with accurate knowledge and compassionate care.

What is Epilepsy?

Epilepsy is a disorder of brain current discharges. A seizure occurs due to sudden, abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Depending on the part of the brain affected, seizures can vary in type and intensity—from brief lapses in attention to convulsions and loss of consciousness.

It’s important to recognize that a single seizure does not mean someone has epilepsy. A diagnosis typically requires at least two unprovoked seizures occurring more than 24 hours apart.

Types of Seizures

Epileptic seizures are broadly classified into two categories:

• Focal (Partial) Seizures: These start in a specific part of the brain and may or may not affect consciousness. Symptoms can include unusual sensations, twitching, or repetitive movements.
• Generalized Seizures: These involve the entire brain and usually result in loss of consciousness. Subtypes include tonic-clonic (grand mal), absence (petit mal), myoclonic, and atonic seizures.
• Pseudoseizures / Non-Epileptic Seizures
• Many others with secondary to brain dysfunction or disorders

Understanding the type of seizure is crucial for accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

What Causes Epilepsy?

In many cases, the exact cause of epilepsy cannot be determined. However, several known factors can contribute to its development, including:

• Genetic factors: A family history of epilepsy increases the risk
• Brain injuries: Trauma from accidents or surgery
• Infections: Such as meningitis or encephalitis
• Stroke or tumors: Disruption in brain function
• Developmental disorders: Including autism and neurogenetic syndromes
• Metabolic causes

Diagnosis: The First Step Toward Control

At AIH, we approach diagnosis with a combination of witness, physical examination, and advanced testing. Some common diagnostic tools include:

• Electroencephalogram (EEG): Measures electrical activity in the brain and helps identify abnormal patterns linked to seizures/sleep deprived
• MRI/CT scans: Imaging studies to detect structural abnormalities in the brain
• Blood tests: To identify potential metabolic or infectious causes

Early diagnosis can significantly improve outcomes. That’s why it’s critical to consult a neurologist if someone experiences unusual episodes like blackouts, twitching, or loss of consciousness.

Treatment and Management

The good news is that with proper treatment, around 70% of people with epilepsy can live seizure-free.

1. Medications:
Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are the first line of treatment. These medications help reduce or completely prevent seizures. At AIH, we customize drug therapy based on seizure type, patient age, overall health, and other factors.

2. Lifestyle Modifications:
Sleep, stress, alcohol, and flashing lights can trigger seizures. We work with patients to identify triggers and build healthier habits.

3. Surgical Options:
In cases where seizures are resistant to medication, surgery may be recommended to remove or disconnect the brain area causing seizures in some cases

4. Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) and Other Therapies:
Some patients benefit from implantable devices or dietary approaches like the ketogenic diet, particularly in children with difficult-to-control epilepsy.

Living with Epilepsy: Breaking the Stigma

One of the biggest challenges epilepsy patients face in Pakistan is the social stigma attached to the condition. Misconceptions, fear, and lack of awareness often lead to discrimination in schools, workplaces, and even within families.

It is vital to understand that epilepsy is not contagious, not a mental illness, and not a spiritual curse. With medical support, education, and emotional care, most people with epilepsy can live full, productive lives.

At AIH, we actively support patients through counseling, support groups, and family education. Our goal is not just seizure control—but total life improvement.

When to Seek Immediate Help

Epilepsy can be life-threatening in certain cases. Seek emergency care if:

• A seizure lasts more than 5 minutes
• The person doesn’t regain consciousness after the seizure
• Multiple seizures occur in quick succession
• The person is injured or has breathing difficulties

Take Away Message

Epilepsy is manageable—and in many cases, controllable. With early diagnosis, personalized care, and public awareness, we can break the chains of fear and stigma. At Advanced International Hospital, we are committed to providing holistic neurological care that empowers our patients and improves quality of life and education of attendants ,how to assist during  epileptic seizures

If you or a loved one is living with seizures, don’t wait. Reach out, get evaluated, and take the first step toward better brain health.

📍 Advanced International Hospital, OPD Building
📞 051-111-786-005